According to Marxian crisis theory, socialism is not an inevitability but an economic necessity. The socialist mode of production would succeed capitalism as humanity's mode of production through revolution by workers. Marxian economics and its proponents view capitalism as economically unsustainable and incapable of improving the population's living standards due to its need to compensate for the falling rate of profit by cutting employees' wages and social benefits while pursuing military aggression. Friedrich Engels explained that "the capitalist mode of appropriation, in which the product enslaves first the producer, and then the appropriator, is replaced by the mode of appropriation of the products that is based upon the nature of the modern means of production upon the one hand, direct social appropriation, as means to the maintenance and extension of production-on the other, direct individual appropriation, as means of subsistence and of enjoyment." A socialist economy would not base production on the creation of private profits but on the criteria of satisfying human needs-that is, production for use. In a socialist society, private property-as the means of production-would be replaced by cooperative ownership. Starting with the conjectural premise that social change occurs due to the struggle between different classes within society who contradict one another, a Marxist would conclude that capitalism exploits and oppresses the proletariat therefore, capitalism will inevitably lead to a proletarian revolution. Under the capitalist mode of production, this struggle materialises between the minority who own the means of production (the bourgeoisie) and the vast majority of the population who produce goods and services (the proletariat). These inefficiencies manifest themselves as social contradictions in society which are, in turn, fought out at the level of class struggle. Then begins an era of social revolution." From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. Karl Marx wrote: "At a certain stage of development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production or-this merely expresses the same thing in legal terms-with the property relations within the framework of which they have operated hitherto. technology) improve, existing forms of organising production become obsolete and hinder further progress. These social relations and the economic system form a base and superstructure. It assumes that the form of economic organisation, or mode of production, influences all other social phenomena, including broader social relations, political institutions, legal systems, cultural systems, aesthetics and ideologies. Marxism seeks to explain social phenomena within any given society by analysing the material conditions and economic activities required to fulfill human material needs. ( September 2023) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. This section relies excessively on references to primary sources. Marxism as a school of thought has had a profound impact on society and global academia, having influenced many fields, including anthropology, archaeology, art theory, criminology, cultural studies, economics, education, ethics, film theory, geography, historiography, literary criticism, media studies, philosophy, political science, political economy, psychology, science studies, sociology, urban planning, and theatre. Alongside Marx's critique of political economy, the defining characteristics of Marxism have often been described using the terms dialectical materialism and historical materialism, though these terms were coined after Marx's death and their tenets have been challenged by some self-described Marxists. In addition to the schools of thought which emphasize or modify elements of classical Marxism, various Marxian concepts have been incorporated and adapted into a diverse array of social theories leading to widely varying conclusions. ![]() Marxism has had a profound impact in shaping the modern world, with various left-wing and far-left political movements taking inspiration from it in varying local contexts. As Marxism has developed over time into various branches and schools of thought, no single, definitive Marxist theory exists. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict and a dialectical perspective to view social transformation.
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